在14世代的传承中，有好几任達賴喇嘛都是英年早逝，原因很简单，利益斗争，下毒暗杀，这就是为什么清朝朝廷最后給他们定下一个金瓶制度的原因，乾隆实在受不了这帮喇嘛們明爭暗斗的暗杀了。
这里就可以看出这些神权统治者的虛伪，自称“活佛”的人們为了利益勾心斗角，下毒暗杀，使尽卑鄙的手段。
我曾经去过西藏旅遊，接触过喇嘛，以及平民。
你想知道西藏为什么会有矛盾嗎？我告訴你我看到的原因。
在中共进入前的西藏，西藏人口中有95%的农奴，以及剩下的土司（奴隶主）和僧侶阶层。
那時候，每座寺廟，都拥有大片的土地，和成堆的农奴。
农奴们世代为奴，在祭祀的時候，奴隶主会砍下奴隶的手臂，拔下它们的皮，作为貢品。
在達賴过生日的時候，他都会命下密院的僧侶扒下两个小孩的皮作为牺牲，如果你現在去西藏的历史博物館，你还能看到十四世達賴离开西藏前亲手写的扒皮命令。
然而西藏的那些文盲农奴们虔誠的信仰者活佛。你大概不知道在藏药中，活佛的糞便是一种药物，藏民们爭相收集活佛們的糞便用於治病。
奴隶主在招待客人的時候，待客的方法就是和客人一起轮奸自己的女奴隶，这很容易理解，他们认为这是热情好客的体现，因为这是在“分享女人”。
中共在西藏搞了“土地改革”，不过老共的手段是很狠的，那些奴隶主甭管是否愿意，都必須交出土地，释放奴隶，免除债务。
土地改革是在1957年开始搞的，接著西藏就爆发了武裝暴动，奴隶主们反抗了，然后就是中共的镇压，接著是達賴的出逃，但是，班禪沒有逃，他选择留了下來，因为他贊成土地改革。
这 也造成了西藏的一种特殊的“族群分裂”：平民与僧侶阶层的割裂。那些底层的老百姓藏民们，如果你去西藏玩的時候，可以留意一下，西藏一般的农牧民家中，都 是把毛泽东的肖像和菩萨挂在一起供奉的，因爲他們的祖輩都是农奴，是毛給了他們土地和自由。老共現在的民族政策，藏族的教育医疗住房全部都有政府的补助， 这也是一般的平民藏族百姓对独立不积极的原因。
但是僧侶以及以前的土司后代可不这么想，在他们眼中，毛泽东和中共是剥夺他们土地和财产得罪人，不仅如此，在历次的中共镇压中，这些人的上辈或者亲属，或有被关押或有被枪決，可谓苦大仇深。
所以你如果走在拉萨街头，你会发现宣传独立最积极的人，不是喇嘛就是以前的贵族后代。
这 些人一直在闹，中共拿他们没办法，因为在西藏这个地方，教育太落后了，藏族的文化太落后了，這也是他们为什么如此虔诚的信仰神灵的原因，你能想象一个拿到 物理学碩士的人去寺廟里对那些泥菩萨磕上十万的头么？但是藏民会，藏民会把家里最聰明的孩子送去作喇嘛，因为在他們的传统中，社会是分等級的，喇嘛是最 高貴的，这就是神权社会的典型特点。
因为有着这种神权社会的特点，所以中共对喇嘛是很头疼的。你大概不知道，西藏的每座寺廟的活佛，都享受中共国务院的特殊补助的，換句话说，是中共在养寺廟，养喇嘛，你看每座寺廟都金碧輝煌，這些金子钱都是内地的政府出的。
但是喇嘛们還是会闹事的。很简单，你再怎么給他们补助，他们以前的土地沒了，努力也沒了，风光得社会地位也削弱了，他們不滿。
西藏人如果想要一个幸福的未來，喇嘛阶层是最大的拌脚石。你知道現在最想发展西藏文化的是谁吗？是中共。因为最听从喇嘛的話，最容易被操纵的，就是那些文化水平很低的藏民了。
所 以中共在西藏使劲的盖學校，内地的大學毕业生如果志愿去西藏教几年书，回來后就可以免費读碩士博士，内地的大学对西藏的學生向來是超低分录取。不過，在一 個平均海拔5000米的地区，特別是半年都是积雪的地区，办学校和医院不是那么容易的事情。西藏有30多个台湾大，但是人口不及台北的一半。怎么才能让居 住如此分散的遊牧人都能接受教育？這需要高昂的投資。
中共的想法就是，藏族的文化水平能夠高起來，不再那么愚昧，当所有的藏民生病的時候 能去医院作个檢查，而不是去寺廟吃活佛的糞便的時候，喇嘛们也就沒那么容易煽动藏民了，西藏也就好管理多了，当然这样的话喇嘛也沒市场和地位了，这就是喇 嘛们目前所面临的“生存危机”。所以中共在西藏盖的學校和医院，是这次 西藏动乱中的首选攻击目标。
喇嘛们是容不得藏民学习文化的，一个学過生物学的人，他生病的時候會去找喇嘛們吃糞便吗？
喇嘛们不是地球上唯一阻礙科學传播的人。还记得黑暗的欧洲中世紀吗？还记得宗教法庭吗？当科學和知识传播的時候，神权統治者们就会发抖，当藏民们知道地球是圆的，绕着太阳转的時候，他們就再也不会相信喇嘛们说的大地边缘的十八层地獄。
西藏，正处于一个现代文明和神权文化阶层剧烈冲突的时代。
正如宗教法庭绝对不会饶过哥白尼和伽利略，他们不会自觉地退出历史舞台，喇嘛们也是。所以这个文明冲撞的过程中，你必然会看到斗爭，明的，暗的，和平的，暴力的，決不会戛然而止。
撕开“人权”“自由”的外衣，这是一场神权奴隶制与现代文明的冲突。
中共如果真的想把西藏经营好，让西藏人们都过上富裕现代化的生活，就应该多盖学校和监狱，学校送給藏民，监狱送給喇嘛。
我 建议各位网路上的朋友们去西藏玩一玩，不要跟旅行团，也不要只去寺廟，去乡村，去草原，去看看西藏的原生态，去那些农牧民的家中，看看他们对中共和毛泽东 的观点，看看他们辛勤的劳作，看看他们作过奴隶的祖父祖母那残缺的手臂，和沒有文化的朴实，再去看看喇嘛们悠闲舒适的的生活，听听他们对政府的不满。
Thursday, April 17, 2008
Saturday, April 12, 2008
西藏历史概述
| 西藏历史概述 | |
| 来源：中国西藏信息中心 | |
吐蕃王朝 公元七世纪初，中国历史进入了一个新的阶段。唐朝（６１８－９０７年）建立起强大的统一政权，结束了中原地区三百多年的混乱分裂局面。与此同时，藏族的民 族英雄松赞干布兼并十余个部落和部族，在西藏高原实现统一， 正式建立了吐蕃王朝，定都逻娑（今拉萨）。 松赞干布在位期间，锐意修好唐廷，吸取唐朝的先进生产技术和政治文化 成果。他曾两次派遣大臣赴唐廷求婚，于公元６４１年迎娶了唐太宗的宗女文成公主。松赞干布还从唐朝引入造酒、碾磨、纸墨等生产技术，遣贵族子弟到长安 （今西安）学习诗书，聘汉族文人入蕃代典表疏，与唐朝在政治、经济、文化 等方面保持了极为友好的关系。唐高宗封松赞干布为“附马都尉”、“西海郡 王”，后又晋封为“宾王”。 松赞干布奠定了吐蕃与唐朝二百余年频繁往来的“甥舅亲谊”。
公元７１０年 ，唐金城公主携带绣花锦缎数万匹，工技书箱多种和一应使用器物入蕃，嫁吐 蕃王赤德祖赞。金城公主入蕃后曾资助于田（今新疆境内）等地佛教僧人入蕃建 寺译经，并向唐朝求得《毛诗》、《礼记》、《左传》、《文选》等典籍。公元８２１年，吐蕃王赤热巴巾三次派员到长安请求会盟。唐穆宗命宰相等官员与吐蕃会 盟官员在长安西郊举行了隆重的会盟仪式。次年，唐朝派刘元鼎等人 到吐蕃寻盟，与吐蕃僧相钵阐布和大相尚绮心儿等人结盟于拉萨东郊。此次会盟 时在唐长庆元年（８２２年）和二年（８２３年），史称“长庆会盟”。会盟双方重申 了历史上“和同为一家”的甥舅亲谊，商议今后“社稷如一”。记载这次会盟内 容的石刻“唐蕃会盟碑”共有三块，其中一块立于拉萨大昭寺前。
西藏地区的分裂割据
公元８４２年，吐蕃王朝因王室内讧和部族之间、边将之间的混战而分裂瓦解，出现众多互不统属的地方势力。它们各占一方，互相征伐， 战争连绵持续了四百余年。十三世纪中叶西藏统一于中国 十三世纪初，蒙古族领袖成吉思汗在中国北部 建立蒙古汗国。１２４７年，萨迦派高僧班智达·贡嘎坚赞同蒙古汗国皇子阔端在 凉州（今甘肃武威）议定了西藏诸部归顺蒙古汗国和接受所规定的地方行政制度 的内容；萨迦地方政权建立。 １２７１年，蒙古汗政权定国号为元，并于１２７９年统 一全中国，建立了统一的中央政权，西藏成为中国元朝中央政府直接治理下的一 个行政区域。 １２６０年，元朝皇帝忽必烈（１２１５－１２９４年）即蒙古汗王位后，封贡嘎坚赞的侄子、萨迦派法王八思巴为国师。１２６４年，忽必烈设释教总制院，命八 思巴以国师身份兼领院事。在总制院（后改宣政院）下，设有“宣慰使司都元帅府”，负责处理和管辖现今西藏大部分地区的军政事务。宣慰使司下面辖有管理民政 的万户府、千户所。１２６５年，忽必烈封八思巴为大宝法王、帝师，并通过八思巴举荐，任命了总管西藏事务的行政长官和１３个万户府的万户长。１２６８年、 １２８７年和１３３４年，元朝中央曾三次派官员在西藏清查户口，还在西藏地区设立了１５个驿站，联成通往大都（今北京）的交通线，推行并确立了西藏地方的 “乌拉”（意为徭役、差役）制度。 历代中央政府对西藏的管辖 自十三世纪中叶西藏地区正式归入元朝版图后，中国虽然经历了几代王朝的兴替，多次更换中央政权，但西藏一直处于中央政? 府的管辖之下。十四世纪中叶，萨迦地方政权逐渐衰落。
１３５４年，以降曲坚赞为首的帕竹噶举派成为西藏大部分地区的统治者，形成了政教合一的帕竹地方政权。在西藏帕竹时期，元中央政 府承认了这一事实，封降曲坚赞为大司徒。１３６８年明朝建立后，采取了普遍封赐的政策，对具有政治实力的地方诸教派首领均赐加以“王”、“法王”、“灌顶 国师”等名号；王位的继承必须经皇帝批准，遣使册封。这时，达赖喇嘛和班禅喇嘛两大活佛系统所属的格鲁派兴起，三世达赖喇嘛索南嘉措向明廷入贡，获得明朝 中央封赐的“朵儿只唱”名号。明朝中央对西藏地方的治理，沿袭了元朝的办法，先后设置乌思藏、朵甘两个 “卫指挥使司”和“俄力思军民元帅府”，分别管理前后藏、昌都和阿里地区的军政事务。其间，帕竹地方政权在西藏部分地区建立了宗本制度，所任各宗的行政首 脑，明朝皆授以官职，使其既为宗本（相当于县长）又为中央命官。
１６４４年清朝取代明朝，对西藏的治理更加严密，使中央政府在西藏行使主 权管辖的施政进一步制度化、法律化。清顺治皇帝数次邀请五世达赖进京，１６５２年，五世达赖进京入见。１６５３年，顺治皇帝颁赐金册、金印，敕封五世达 赖，正式确定了达赖喇嘛的封号。１７１３年，康熙皇帝册封五世班禅罗桑益西为“班禅额尔德尼”，正式确定了班禅喇嘛的名号。自此，达赖喇嘛在拉萨统治西藏 的大部分地区，班禅额尔德尼在日喀则统治西藏的另一部分地区。
１７２７年，清朝设立驻藏大臣，代表中央监督西藏地方行政；西藏与四川、云南、青海的区界，就是于此时派员正式勘定的。１７２１ 年，清朝中央政府在西藏建立噶伦制度；１７５０年，再次调整管理西藏的行政体制，废除郡王制度，建立西藏地方政府（即“噶厦”），规定了驻藏大臣与达赖喇 嘛共同掌握西藏事务的体制。１７９３年，清朝政府就驻藏大臣的职权、达赖与班禅及其他大活佛转世、边界军事防务、对外交涉、财政税收、货币铸造与管理，以 及寺院的供养和管理等，颁 布了著名的《钦定藏内善后章程》，共二十九条。此后一百余年，二十九条章 程确定的基本原则一直是西藏地方行政体制和法规的规范。
１９１１年，中国爆发辛亥革命，建立了合汉、满、蒙、回、藏等民族为一体 的共和国——中华民国。中央政府一如元、明、清三朝，实行对西藏地方的治 理。１９１２年中央政府设蒙藏事务局（１９１４年改称蒙藏院），主管西藏地方事务 ，并任命了中央驻藏办事长官。南京国民政府于１９２７年成立，１９２９年设立蒙藏 委员会，主管藏族、蒙古族等少数民族地区行政事宜。１９４０年，国民政府在拉 萨设立蒙藏委员会驻藏办事处，作为中央政府在西藏的常设机构。西藏地方政 府多次选派官员参加国民代表大会。中华民国期间，外患不已，内乱频仍，中央政府孱弱，而达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼继续接受中央政府册封，获得在西藏地方的政 治、宗教上的合法地位。现在的十四世达赖喇嘛拉木登珠的任职，就是经由国民政府主席颁令批准的。
１９４９年，中华人民共和国成立。中央人民政府根据西藏的历史和现实情况，决定采取和平解放的方针。１９５１年５月２３日，中央 人民政府和西藏地方政府的代表就西藏和平解放的一系列问题达成协议，签订了《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》（简称“十七条协 议”）。“十七条协议”的主要内容是：一方面，中央政府要求西藏地方政府积极协助人民解放军进驻西藏，巩固国防，坚决驱逐帝国主义势力；西藏地区一切涉外 事务由中央人民政府统一处理；藏军逐步改编为人民解放军。另一方面，中央人民政府对西藏现行制度及达赖喇嘛的固有地位及职权不予变更；尊重西藏人民的风俗 习惯，宗教信仰自由得到保护，西藏的社会改革，采取与西藏领导人员协商解决，在西藏实行民族区域自治等。达赖喇嘛和班禅额尔德尼分别致电中央人民政府主席 毛泽东，表示拥护“十七条协议”，决心维护祖国主权的统 一；西藏各阶层僧俗人士和各地藏族领袖也表示坚决支持。从此，西藏历史翻 开了新的一页。
１９５４年，达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼联袂赴北京参加中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会。在这次会议上，达赖喇嘛当选为全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委 员长，班禅额尔德尼当选为全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员。１９５６年，西藏自治区筹备委员会成立，达赖喇嘛就任西藏自治区筹备委员 会主任委员。１９５９年３月，西藏地方政府多数噶伦和上层反动集团全面发动了旨在分裂祖国、维护封建农奴制、反对民主改革的武装叛乱。中央人民政府命令驻 西藏的人民解放军坚决平息了叛乱。中央人民政府国务院总理周恩来于同年３月２８日发布命令，宣布解散西藏地方政府，由西藏自治区筹备委员会行使西藏地方政 府职权。与此同时，中央人民政府顺应西藏人民的意愿，在西藏进行了民主改革，废除了封建农奴制度，百万农奴和奴隶翻身解放，不再被作为农奴主的个人财产加 以买卖、转让、交换、抵债，不再被农奴主强迫劳动，从此获得了人身自由，成为新社会的主人。又经过几年的稳定发展，１９６５年９月正式成立了西藏自治区。
(2)
n the riot in march 14th this year (2008), which the Dalai Lama and Western media alleged as a peaceful pretest for human right and freedom. However, it was reported with large amount of video and photograph, many of which were from western tourists, that 18 innocent civilians were killed, yet with hundreds injured by violence. Some mobs even poured gasoline to an innocent civilians and burn him to death. Photograph and videos of the burned body was been shown in Chinese TV and internet. Just back to the topic in this chapter, this was exactly an old customs of torturing in the ages of helot-master in Tibet before 1959, which was called “lighting for heaven” in their book, of course, reportedly in the Chinese propaganda, but with documents presented.
Looking back to histories, there were also report presented that, when Dalai Lama launched a rebelling war in 1959 under support of CIA, a Tibetan merchant Dondabaza refused to join the rebelling team. The Dalai Lama’s crews not only killed him and but also raped his wife. The rebelling army got a 9 years old boy Songny in the Pojang village, Naidong couty. They rift his stomach and took out his gut when he was alive, then took out his heart, cut his body into pieces and hang them on a tree in order to threaten others to follow them. From the history in the past and recent days, it is unimaginable for how Dalai Lama could concerns human right in any way as Western media presented. One can always say these things are lies for propaganda and brainwash purpose by Chinese Communists, but to my knowledge, the material are open to the westerners for investigation, but so far these kind of information never reach public in the West, not even as a typical evidence to prove Chinese are brainwashed.
Therefore most Chinese might logically feel very strange that the some westerners, who allege that they are promoting freedom, human right and in Tibet, have never sympathizer the miserable experience of the former helots nor show any interest to know if the experience is true or not. In contrast, the major voice in the West always urges to resume the ruling of former helots master Dalai Lama and his previous government on Tibet, under an excuse that the “precious Tibetan culture” is on the verge of disappearance.
(To be continued later)
Looking back to histories, there were also report presented that, when Dalai Lama launched a rebelling war in 1959 under support of CIA, a Tibetan merchant Dondabaza refused to join the rebelling team. The Dalai Lama’s crews not only killed him and but also raped his wife. The rebelling army got a 9 years old boy Songny in the Pojang village, Naidong couty. They rift his stomach and took out his gut when he was alive, then took out his heart, cut his body into pieces and hang them on a tree in order to threaten others to follow them. From the history in the past and recent days, it is unimaginable for how Dalai Lama could concerns human right in any way as Western media presented. One can always say these things are lies for propaganda and brainwash purpose by Chinese Communists, but to my knowledge, the material are open to the westerners for investigation, but so far these kind of information never reach public in the West, not even as a typical evidence to prove Chinese are brainwashed.
Therefore most Chinese might logically feel very strange that the some westerners, who allege that they are promoting freedom, human right and in Tibet, have never sympathizer the miserable experience of the former helots nor show any interest to know if the experience is true or not. In contrast, the major voice in the West always urges to resume the ruling of former helots master Dalai Lama and his previous government on Tibet, under an excuse that the “precious Tibetan culture” is on the verge of disappearance.
(To be continued later)
Pictures that reach Chinese, but not yet most westerners (1)
Pictures that reach Chinese, but not yet most westerners
The views for the recent conflict, histories and sovereignty of Tibet have become extremely controversial at least among media and politicians between Western countries and China, since recent riots happened, or perhaps much earlier. Hostilities seem to be growing to each other between the two sides.
To my knowledge, the opinions about problems in Tibet are so controversial between the West and China because most people in the two sides receive quite different information. Indeed there is a large amount of information from the West that has never been received by Chinese in the past years; however, it is perhaps not quite the same case this time. Despite of a considerable number of web pages related to the recently riot were blocked in China, but via some tricks of hackers, most of Chinese Internet users, indeed has managed to see indirectly a complete picture that most western media are trying to present about the recent riot.
Neverthanless, it does not change the current standpoint of them because there is still a considerable amount of information, which can not reach most westerners via their media, making them to believe they must take their current opinions for the peace and safety of their own life. So far no one from the other side has given any reasonable argument to convince Chinese why those information, which are not yet known by most ordinary people in the West, should not be the bases for their current stand on Tibet issures.
If most people in both sides have no will to be hostile to each other, it might be a good idea to exchange the information that they have received in their own side. It must be easier to convince the other side to accept their own opinions based the same knowledge, of course if they are really happy to to see unneccsary wars or antagonism inside China, also, they don't believe people in the other side are idiots or hopeless.
As an attempt to exchange information from China to the West, (the flow to the other direction should be written or translated into Chinese, I suppose), three pictures that has been planted into brain of Chinese, but not yet seen in the West, will be presented below.
1) What is the picture of Tibetan society before and after the ruling under Dalai Lama?
2) Was Tibet an independent state or a part of China for many years before Dalai Lama fled to India?
3) What really happened in the recent riot in Tibet and surrounding area.?
1) In the brains of most Chinese, what is the picture of Tibetan society before and after the ruling under Dalai Lama?
Since Dalai Lama won his Nobel peace prize in 1989 and canvassed for support in many western countries, it was commonly believed in West that, until the invasion by communists Chinese, Tibetans had led a natural, peaceful and life with religion and happiness in their heart in an independent state, which has not been contaminated by modern materialism. After the “invasion”, Tibetan lost their homeland and freedom and they are being oppressed by Chinese colonists. Based on such information, Dalai Lama is perceived as a leader who is loved by all of Tibetan people and is practicing peaceful, rational and nonviolent approach struggling for human rights and freedom of Tibetan people.
However, according to a considerable amount of documents, the picture is seen differently by most of Chinese. Before the social system was reformed in 1959, only less than 5% of Tibetans，aristocrats Lamas (i.e. monks) and Dalai Lama’s official had their freedom and happiness. As slave masters, this happy class owns the other 95% populations as their slaves or helots. As a written law in that time, it prescribed that each slave costs as much as a dry-grass-made rope in the trade between slave-masters. All slave-masters were authorized do anything to their slaves without violating the law. It was a custom that the masters gouged out the eyes, sliced the ear off, cut the hands or foot off, peel off the skin alive and take out the ligament of their slaves, as illustrated in the following pictures.
There are many thrilling complains from the former salves, which can be found in the documents written after 1959 in China. Some examples were cited in the following. The same kind of records can be found from abundant documents written by western tourists who traveled to Tibet earlier. For example, this picture is a snapshop from a document footage taken by a Europeans.
With the picture in mind, it is quite hard to convince Chinese that all this kind of thrilling complains were paid by the Chinese Communists for propaganda or brainwash, as western media are trying to convince nowadays, Logically most Chinese think that it is mater of fact, before anyone give a reason to convince them that it is not a fact.
Some examples from the records is topresen. One of the helots Gekta told his own experience that his master put a heavy cap on his head in order to press his eyes out, then gouged out it, as illustrated in the following photograph.
A female helots Norgesan told her story that the hands of his husband was cut off, before he was buried alive. As a customs there were many other slaves whose hands were also cut off, as illustrated the photograph above.
Dodjawa from in Rikazer region told his experience that the son of his master, for fun, shoot and broke his left arms by a gun. Later he was abandoned and had to roam about and beg for his food with his handicapped arm.
Tzedeng, were a head of a village after 1959. Eleven of his brothers or sisters were forced to be froze or starved to death. The ligaments on foot of him and his second small brother were taken out because they tried to revenge but failed.
For the ceremony of their religion before 1959, the salve masters regularly use fresh human skin head-bones of their slaves as vessel in their warship. In the library of Tibetan Historic Document, a communication letters to the slave masters was preserved, which is quite thrilling. It was written that’ “To all the low rank of patriarchs, In order to pray for celebrating Dalai Lama’s birthday,….we urgently need a fresh wet human gut, two fresh heads, bloods of a number of people, an entire human skin. Please send them as soon as possible.” In an other letter, it was written that: ”We need to send girls to heaven as sacrifice for our Buddhism warship. We need four fresh head, ten guts, various clean and dirty meat, various heart …. etc. They must be sent us before 20th of this month.”. The photocopies of the two letters were presented above. The human skins of small children were preserved in a museum in Tibet, as presented in the photograph below.
Bowls made by bones of human brain boxes were traditional vessels for the warship in the Tibet version of Buddhism, which was used by the senior Lamas. It was believed that the brain boxes were efficacious only if they were taken from a human alive. Same believe was applied to the human skin.
So most Chinese perceive the helot system in Tibet before 1959 as crueler and darker in comparison to the similar system in Europe in the middle age. All the helots was regard as tools which can speak and could be sold, bought, alienated, or deposed in any way. Thighbones of young girls were used to make clarion as illustrated in the following photograph. Excrement of Dalai Lama was used as holy medicine for slaves. There were also various instruments of torture. Living human being were often used for the groundwork of the castle owned by the slave masters. There are various of these kinds of things which are shuddering to mention.
(It was reported that the human skin, which was brought to India by the crews of Dalai Lama, was used as part of adornment to make traditional Tibetan swords, and music instrument. Some of them was given as gifts from Dalai Lama to western leaders, or his other friends, even including some committee members of Nobel peace prize.)
For these reason, most Chinese don't regard Dalai Lama a as a spokesman of Tibetan people as alleged by himself. They believed, when the social system was reformed in 1959, a predominant portion of Tibetan people regard getting rid of the rule of Dalai Lama as the happiest thing in their life because they had a new life of peace and freedom from being slaves. Well westerners can always say Chinese are brainwashed and can not think independently, but if they really want to rewash the brains that was washed in China, they should take something else to replace the pictures above.
The views for the recent conflict, histories and sovereignty of Tibet have become extremely controversial at least among media and politicians between Western countries and China, since recent riots happened, or perhaps much earlier. Hostilities seem to be growing to each other between the two sides.
To my knowledge, the opinions about problems in Tibet are so controversial between the West and China because most people in the two sides receive quite different information. Indeed there is a large amount of information from the West that has never been received by Chinese in the past years; however, it is perhaps not quite the same case this time. Despite of a considerable number of web pages related to the recently riot were blocked in China, but via some tricks of hackers, most of Chinese Internet users, indeed has managed to see indirectly a complete picture that most western media are trying to present about the recent riot.
Neverthanless, it does not change the current standpoint of them because there is still a considerable amount of information, which can not reach most westerners via their media, making them to believe they must take their current opinions for the peace and safety of their own life. So far no one from the other side has given any reasonable argument to convince Chinese why those information, which are not yet known by most ordinary people in the West, should not be the bases for their current stand on Tibet issures.
If most people in both sides have no will to be hostile to each other, it might be a good idea to exchange the information that they have received in their own side. It must be easier to convince the other side to accept their own opinions based the same knowledge, of course if they are really happy to to see unneccsary wars or antagonism inside China, also, they don't believe people in the other side are idiots or hopeless.
As an attempt to exchange information from China to the West, (the flow to the other direction should be written or translated into Chinese, I suppose), three pictures that has been planted into brain of Chinese, but not yet seen in the West, will be presented below.
1) What is the picture of Tibetan society before and after the ruling under Dalai Lama?
2) Was Tibet an independent state or a part of China for many years before Dalai Lama fled to India?
3) What really happened in the recent riot in Tibet and surrounding area.?
1) In the brains of most Chinese, what is the picture of Tibetan society before and after the ruling under Dalai Lama?
Since Dalai Lama won his Nobel peace prize in 1989 and canvassed for support in many western countries, it was commonly believed in West that, until the invasion by communists Chinese, Tibetans had led a natural, peaceful and life with religion and happiness in their heart in an independent state, which has not been contaminated by modern materialism. After the “invasion”, Tibetan lost their homeland and freedom and they are being oppressed by Chinese colonists. Based on such information, Dalai Lama is perceived as a leader who is loved by all of Tibetan people and is practicing peaceful, rational and nonviolent approach struggling for human rights and freedom of Tibetan people.
However, according to a considerable amount of documents, the picture is seen differently by most of Chinese. Before the social system was reformed in 1959, only less than 5% of Tibetans，aristocrats Lamas (i.e. monks) and Dalai Lama’s official had their freedom and happiness. As slave masters, this happy class owns the other 95% populations as their slaves or helots. As a written law in that time, it prescribed that each slave costs as much as a dry-grass-made rope in the trade between slave-masters. All slave-masters were authorized do anything to their slaves without violating the law. It was a custom that the masters gouged out the eyes, sliced the ear off, cut the hands or foot off, peel off the skin alive and take out the ligament of their slaves, as illustrated in the following pictures.
There are many thrilling complains from the former salves, which can be found in the documents written after 1959 in China. Some examples were cited in the following. The same kind of records can be found from abundant documents written by western tourists who traveled to Tibet earlier. For example, this picture is a snapshop from a document footage taken by a Europeans.
With the picture in mind, it is quite hard to convince Chinese that all this kind of thrilling complains were paid by the Chinese Communists for propaganda or brainwash, as western media are trying to convince nowadays, Logically most Chinese think that it is mater of fact, before anyone give a reason to convince them that it is not a fact.
Some examples from the records is topresen. One of the helots Gekta told his own experience that his master put a heavy cap on his head in order to press his eyes out, then gouged out it, as illustrated in the following photograph.
A female helots Norgesan told her story that the hands of his husband was cut off, before he was buried alive. As a customs there were many other slaves whose hands were also cut off, as illustrated the photograph above.
Dodjawa from in Rikazer region told his experience that the son of his master, for fun, shoot and broke his left arms by a gun. Later he was abandoned and had to roam about and beg for his food with his handicapped arm.
Tzedeng, were a head of a village after 1959. Eleven of his brothers or sisters were forced to be froze or starved to death. The ligaments on foot of him and his second small brother were taken out because they tried to revenge but failed.
For the ceremony of their religion before 1959, the salve masters regularly use fresh human skin head-bones of their slaves as vessel in their warship. In the library of Tibetan Historic Document, a communication letters to the slave masters was preserved, which is quite thrilling. It was written that’ “To all the low rank of patriarchs, In order to pray for celebrating Dalai Lama’s birthday,….we urgently need a fresh wet human gut, two fresh heads, bloods of a number of people, an entire human skin. Please send them as soon as possible.” In an other letter, it was written that: ”We need to send girls to heaven as sacrifice for our Buddhism warship. We need four fresh head, ten guts, various clean and dirty meat, various heart …. etc. They must be sent us before 20th of this month.”. The photocopies of the two letters were presented above. The human skins of small children were preserved in a museum in Tibet, as presented in the photograph below.
Bowls made by bones of human brain boxes were traditional vessels for the warship in the Tibet version of Buddhism, which was used by the senior Lamas. It was believed that the brain boxes were efficacious only if they were taken from a human alive. Same believe was applied to the human skin.
So most Chinese perceive the helot system in Tibet before 1959 as crueler and darker in comparison to the similar system in Europe in the middle age. All the helots was regard as tools which can speak and could be sold, bought, alienated, or deposed in any way. Thighbones of young girls were used to make clarion as illustrated in the following photograph. Excrement of Dalai Lama was used as holy medicine for slaves. There were also various instruments of torture. Living human being were often used for the groundwork of the castle owned by the slave masters. There are various of these kinds of things which are shuddering to mention.
(It was reported that the human skin, which was brought to India by the crews of Dalai Lama, was used as part of adornment to make traditional Tibetan swords, and music instrument. Some of them was given as gifts from Dalai Lama to western leaders, or his other friends, even including some committee members of Nobel peace prize.)
For these reason, most Chinese don't regard Dalai Lama a as a spokesman of Tibetan people as alleged by himself. They believed, when the social system was reformed in 1959, a predominant portion of Tibetan people regard getting rid of the rule of Dalai Lama as the happiest thing in their life because they had a new life of peace and freedom from being slaves. Well westerners can always say Chinese are brainwashed and can not think independently, but if they really want to rewash the brains that was washed in China, they should take something else to replace the pictures above.
Sunday, April 06, 2008
Tibet, have to say
来稿／作者介绍：艾瑞克•格兰奎斯特（Eirik Granqvist）教授是世界资深的脊椎动物标本剥制制作师，曾参与多个欧洲自然史、动物学博物馆的景观制作、展览项目，制作了大量姿态生动、造型逼真 的动物标本，也曾担任过芬兰两个自然史博物馆的馆长和北欧数个动物学博物馆的藏品管理者。现任国际博物馆协会自然史博物馆及藏品专业委员会(ICOM- Nathist)标本剥制艺术工作委员会主席和国际博协自然史专业委员会资深委员。该作者曾于2006年私人访问过西藏。
"西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的不实报道。因此，尽管 我不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件，但其中两家既没有给我 回音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的'读者之声'刊发。与之相对照的是，它们每天都大量刊发达赖喇嘛的言 论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些'自由的媒体'来说显得对中国太过于友好了。"-艾瑞克•格兰奎斯特
当我看到电视里和中国日报上关于拉萨暴乱的新闻时感到非常吃惊。然而让我最吃惊的并不是暴徒们的野蛮行径，而是在我的祖国，芬兰，媒体是如何报道这个事件的。一位朋友将有关报道扫描后传给了我，我也从网络上查阅了所能找到的相关报道。（注：该作者现在中国）
很少有芬兰人到过西藏，但我和夫人在2006年去过。我们当时是私人旅行，并没有参加旅游团。我亲眼看到了拉萨，并且与当地人进行了交谈。这完全没有 任何限制。好吧，（如果说有，）我们有一个可爱而称职的导游，她对我们帮助很多，上午她将我们带到我们想去的地方，而在下午，我们就独自行动了。因此，我 觉得，（就西藏问题，）我需要说点什么。
我也对历史感兴趣，在这方面比一般人了解得多。写这篇文章时，我没有任何参考书，都是基于我的记忆。因此如果文章中哪里有点小差错，请原谅。不管怎 样，我想这使我的文章具有客观性。我非常清楚，我会因为这件事，因为撰写我认为是事实的东西而受到指责。我会被那些自以为了解真相，实际却并不了解的人指 责，被那些没有亲眼目睹事实的人指责。
几个世纪以来，西藏曾经是尼泊尔和中国之间的协约自治区。有时，中国也统治着尼泊尔。因此在那段时期，西藏统治者经常分别娶一位中国妃子和一位尼泊尔妃子，其他妃子就是西藏人了。
五世达赖喇嘛时期，宗教和政治权力集中到了达赖喇嘛一个人身上。西藏进入神权独裁时期，与世隔绝。外人不再允许入藏。
19世纪末，著名的瑞典旅行家斯文•赫定(Sven•Hedin)试图进入拉萨，却被达赖喇嘛礼貌地遣回，赶出西藏。
一位法国女藏学家亚历山德拉•大卫•妮尔(Alexandra David-Néel)则幸运得多。她讲一口流利藏语，装扮成藏族朝圣者的模样进入拉萨。她曾告诉别人，很多次她都非常害怕被发现。她知道，如果被发现， 她可能会像其他疑犯或反对者一样，从布达拉宫外墙上"意外跌落"。
那时的西藏不是天堂，而是非人道的、独裁的地方！
没落的中国清王朝对西藏的影响力越来越小。北方的俄罗斯帝国和南方的大英帝国对西藏越来越感兴趣。
1903年，一支由杨哈思班（Younghusband）上校率领的英国远征军抵达拉萨。英国人战死4名士兵，却屠杀了超过700名试图阻止他们的西 藏人。这些藏人当时的主要拦截手段仅仅是宗教魔法。英国人在拉萨建立了"商务代表处"。中国人将达赖喇嘛撤离到青海高原，在那里他的行动自由受到限制，也 许这是为了防止他与英国占领者进行接触。
1907年，芬兰民族英雄马歇尔•曼纳海姆（Marshal Mannerheim）在进行他著名的穿越中亚的马背之旅期间，拜访了达赖喇嘛。他当时是沙皇俄国军队的上校，他的旅行实际上是一次间谍行为。正因为如此，他才对13世达赖喇嘛产生兴趣。
达赖喇嘛的权力逐渐削弱。1950年，解放军和平进入西藏。看来14世达赖喇嘛在初期之所以接受这个现实，仅仅是想将其作为维持自己神权独裁统治的保障。1954年，他奢侈地扩大和重建了夏宫罗布林卡（Norbulingka Summer Palace）。
然而，中国政府已经决定要废除西藏残酷的神权独裁制度。在这种制度下，反对者们被从布达拉宫上扔下；边境对所有外来者关闭；仅有的学校都是宗教学校。 大家都知道，对统治者来说，统治一个低文化水平、对外界一无所知的民族会更容易。在当时，西藏5%的人拥有全部财富，其他人几乎一无所有；约40%的人是 僧侣，他们像寄生虫一样，需要其他人喂养。当时的西藏不是天堂！
中国政府决定，应该赋予西藏人民与其他国人一样的权力和相同的社会地位。寺院不应再供养过多的僧侣。
西藏以前只有一些羊肠小道与外界沟通，其他地方与外界隔绝。中国政府很快修建了用于交通的马路。西藏与世隔绝的状态被打破了。
1959年，由于权力地位不断削弱，年轻的达赖喇嘛利用宗教发动了叛乱。这次叛乱最终被制止。达赖喇嘛和一些追随者离开西藏，逃到印度。在那里，他继续挑起事端，妄图重返西藏，恢复中国已不再允许的神权独裁统治。
之后就是全中国都感到痛苦的十年文革时期，中国关上了国门。
现在，拉萨有了现代化的机场和铁路。中国政府对西藏投入巨大。西藏人民的生活水平提高很多。上个圣诞节，我在海南岛看到一些西藏人在庆祝太阳节。我非 常幸运地看到一些身着传统服饰的藏族老年妇女和她们的丈夫一起在沙滩上散步，藏族年轻人则穿得像其他年轻人一样，享受着沙滩生活。
达赖喇嘛重新掌权的可能性降低了，他的人民不再跟随他。中印两国正在发展合作，密切友谊，印度以后必然不会为承认达赖喇嘛而破坏中印关系的发展。达赖喇嘛再进行反对中国的活动，不大可能得逞了。
因此最近，当他看到有可能损害中国现有良好国际形象，煽动联合抵制北京奥运时，达赖喇嘛开始了全球游说活动。
拉萨暴乱是精心准备的。一些制革工人非法跨越边境，去见达赖，以接受他的指令。一群外国登山者在边境拍摄到了一次不幸的意外。一名越境者被射杀，另一名在越境后公开宣称想要去见达赖喇嘛。我是在（去年）11月份，来中国之前，在电视里看到了这个节目。
中国已经不是封闭的国家了。如果不是为了干非法勾当，没有必要非法越境。你只需要申请一本护照和必要的签证，就可以从边境站合法过境。或者采取更方便的方式，只需乘坐班机，从拉萨飞到加德满都就行了。
拉萨那里没有和平示威，只有野蛮打砸。一些年轻人周密策划，在多个地点，在同一时间开始暴乱，以便使警察和消防队无所防备，无法同时奔赴多个地点。他 们做到了！他们不分青红皂白，见东西就砸。所有能被打碎的东西在最短的时间里就被打烂。他们用汽油燃烧弹到处放火，焚烧停驶的汽车。18名普通市民和1名 警察被无情杀害。这名警察已接到命令，不许武力反击，避免引发国际指责！
当我看到电视上的暴乱画面时，我马上就明白了是怎么回事。暴乱的有组织性跟发生在法国的有组织暴乱一模一样。因为我在法国生活了21年，与法国保持密 切联系达40多年（，因此可以看得出来）。它们之间唯一的区别是，在拉萨并没有多少普通群众加入到暴乱中。暴徒们的数量少的惊人，却很有组织性。中国在世 界上的正面形象受到了损害。
达赖喇嘛一贯做出一副友善和温和的父亲形象。这是个陈旧伎俩，希特勒和斯大林这些独裁者都曾用过。我并不是要拿他与他们做比较，但他在不惜一切，力图 夺权时的所作所为就像一个恶魔。他从没有关心过人们的生活，没有考虑过这么做是否违背了佛教非暴力的原则。这是一次失败的政变。现在他却在呼吁国际社会， 帮助阻止由他，他本人，一手策划的暴乱！
2006年，当我访问西藏时，我吃惊于那里宽松的环境和拉萨街头寥寥无几的警察。我满眼看到的都是西藏人，而非汉人。环境非常安宁，人们生活幸福。那 里没有令人压抑的感觉。我没有感受到在苏联非人性的制度垮台前，曾在苏联和及其卫星国所多次感受到的那种压抑。拉萨人非常友好，他们想与我攀谈，多数情况 下由于我不懂汉语或藏语而无法沟通。但我不时可以遇到一些讲一点英语的藏人。我感到，他们希望与我攀谈的原因，只是出于对外国人正常的好奇心。
我之前听说，在拉萨宗教受到压制，但我却看到宗教繁荣发展；我之前听说，太多汉人进入西藏，现在拉萨已没有几个藏人，但我却看到在那里藏人比汉人多得多。难道那些汉人都藏起来了？
西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的不实报道。因此，尽管我 不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件，但其中两家既没有给我回 音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的'读者之声'刊发。与之相对照的是，它们每天都大量刊发达赖喇嘛的言 论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些'自由的媒体'来说显得对中国太过于友好了。（陈涛译）
后记：文章中提到的那份报纸最终将作者的文章在"读者之声"栏目予以登载。该文发表后，作者收到很多来信，对他横加指责、出言侮辱。而他笑说"这真是一个认清真正朋友的机会，因为真朋友不会质疑你的话的真实性，而对非真正的朋友或敌人来说，再多的解释也无济于事。"
当中国朋友表示担心他回国后安全时，他回答："不用担心！他们也只能说些坏话而以！西藏永远是中国的一部分，尽管这个事实在1950年前被很多人忽视 了。它以前是，现在仍然是中国的自治区。我很高兴有机会到了那里，修正了我的看法"。他表示，他现在唯一的愿望就是能让更多人，尤其是西方国家的人民了解 中国和西藏的真实情况。
附：作者原文
The Riots in Lhasa
by Eirik Granqvist, a foreign expert in Shanghaiwho visited Tibet in 2006
"The western medias announced that China had cutall information and that articles about the riotscould not be sent out! I got mad about all theapparently incorrect information and wrote thisarticle and two other similar ones although I am not ajournalist but just because I could not stand all thebad things about China that was told. I sent them bye-mail without problems and they arrived well but twonewspapers did neither respond neither publish what Ihad written. The third answered and wanted a shorterversion that was published many days later as a normal'readers voice'. What Dalai Lama had said was largelypublished every day together with a real anti-Chinapropaganda. What I had written was apparently tooChina friendly for the 'free press'."
I was very shocked by what I had seen in thetelevision and been reading in China daily about theriots in Lhasa. The most that shocked me was anyhowmay be not the cruel events by themselves but how themedias in my country of origin, Finland, reported theevents. A friend has scanned and sent me articles andI have checked also myself what can be found atInternet.
Very few Finnish people have ever visited Tibet,but I was there together with my wife in 2006. Thiswas private persons and not as a part of agroup-travel. I have seen Lhasa with my own eyes. Ihave been talking and chatting with people there. Thiswas without any restrictions. Okay, we had a lovelyand very competent guide that helped us much and tookus where we wanted to go in the mornings but in theafternoons we were alone. Therefore I think that Ihave something to tell.
I am also interested in history and know more thanpeople in general. When writing this, I do not haveany reference books so I write out of my memory. If Ido a small mistake somewhere, I beg your pardon.Anyhow, I think that this gives my writing anobjectivity. I am well aware of that I will be accusedfor this and that for writing what I think is thetruth. I will be accused by those who think that theyknow but do not know and by those that haven't seen bytheir own eyes.
Tibet was for centuries an autonomous concordatbetween Nepal and China. Sometimes China ruled Nepalas well. The king of Tibet used therefore to have oneChinese wife and one Nepalese and then a number ofTibetan ones.
With the fifth Dalai Lama, the religious and thepolitical power were unified under the rule of oneperson, The Dalai Lama. Tibet became a theocraticdictatorship and closed itself for the rest of theworld. No foreigners were anymore allowed in.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the famousSwedish traveller Sven Hedin made an attempt to reachLhasa but was sent politely back, out of Tibet byDalai Lama.
A French woman, Alexandra David-Néel was moresuccessful. She visited Lhasa dressed as a Tibetanpilgrim and she was fluent in the Tibetan language.She told how she was afraid many times that she shouldbe discovered and then she knew that she like othersuspects or opponents should "happen to fall down"from the walls of the Potala palace.
The weakened Chinese Qing Dynasty had more andmore lost its influence in Tibet. Tibet became moreand more interesting for the Russian empire in thenorth and the British in the south.
In 1903 a British army expedition directed by thecolonel Younghusband reached Lhasa. The British lost 4soldiers but slaughtered more the 700 Tibetans thattryed to stop them, mainly by magic. The Britishinstalled "a commercial representation" in Lhasa. TheChinese evacuated Dalai Lama to the Qinghai plateauwhere he hade limited rights of move, probably forpreventing him from having contacts with the Britishoccupants.
The Finnish national hero, Marshal Mannerheim,visited him there in 1907 during his famous horsebacktrip through central Asia. He was then a colonel inthe Tsar Russian army and his trip was in reality aspy trip. Therefore the 13th Dalai Lama wasinteresting.
The power of Dalai Lama was weakened. In 1950 thePLA marched in to Tibet without war. The 14th DalaiLama seems at the beginning to have accepted this justas a security for his power as the theocratic dictatorhe was. He enlarged and restructured the NorbulingkaSummer Palace in a luxury way in 1954.
The Chinese decided anyhow to finish with thecruel theocratic dictatorship under which theopponents fell down from Potala. The borders whereduring this dictatorship closed for all foreigners andthe only schools where the religious ones. It is wellknown that it is easier to rule a population with alow education and is ignoring the outside world. InTibet, about 5% of the population owned everything andthe rest literally nothing. About 40% of the Tibetanswere monks and nuns living as parasites on the rest ofthe population that had to feed them. Tibet was not aparadise!
Now China decided that the Tibetans should havethe same rights and place in the society as the restof the country's population. The monasteries should beemptied from their excessively large monk and nunpopulations.
Tibet could earlier be reached only by some horsetrails and was for the rest insulated. The Chinesebuilt rapidly a trafficable road. The insulation wasbroken.
In 1959, the young Dalai Lama caused a peoplesupraising, using the religion as power since he wasloosing his own powerful position. The upraising washowever stopped, may be in not a too clever and smoothmanner. Dalai Lama then left Tibet and his fellowcitizens and escaped to India wherefrom he hascontinued to fight for his come back and reinstall thetheocratic dictatorship that China will never allowagain.
Then followed the ten years of Cultural Revolutionthat was an unhappy time for all China that closeditself to the rest of the world.
Now Lhasa has a modern airport and a railway.China has invested a lot in Tibet. The standard ofliving has been raised a lot in Tibet and last Xmas Ihave seen Tibetans spending sun-holidays on HainanIsland! Very lucky looking old women in traditionaldresses walking on the beach with their husbands andthe youngsters dressed like other young peopleenjoying the beach life.
The possibilities for Dalai Lama to take back hispower has diminished and he does not anymore have thepopulation with him. China and India are developingtheir cooperation and with the closer friendship,India will for sure also not more admit Dalai Lama todisturb this development. His possibilities to actagainst China will be diminished.
Therefore he undertook recently an around theworld diplomatic travel since he has seen thepossibility of harming the now good internationalimage of China and provoking boycotts of the Olympicgames in Beijing.
The Lhasa riots where very well prepared. Currierswhere crossing the borders illegally for to see DalaiLama and get his orders. A group of foreign mountainclimbers filmed recently across the border an unluckyincident when one of these curriers got shot andanother that crossed the border openly declared thathe wanted to go to see the Dalai Lama. I have seenthat in television just before I left for China inNovember.
China is no longer a closed country. There is noneed for illegal border crossings if you are not doingsomething illegally! You just ask for a passport andtake the necessary visas and cross the border at alegal border crossing or better, just take a regularflight from Lhasa to Kathmandu!
There where no peaceful demonstrations in Lhasathat where brutally knocked down! Young men went toaction after a well prepared scenario at many placesat the same time so that police and fire brigadeshould be taken by surprise and unable to acteverywhere at the same time. This was successful!People where just knocked down without differences andall what could be broken was broken in the shortestpossible time. With Molotov cocktails, fires where litand fire cars where stopped. 18 normal citizens wherekilled without feelings and one police. The police hadorder to not respond with firearms for not beinginternationally blamed!
When I have seen the filmed riots in television,my diagnosis was immediately clear. The scenario wasthe same that I had seen many times of organized riotsin France since more the forty years of tight familiarcontacts and 21 years of living there. The differencewas only that less ordinary people seemed to take partin Lhasa. The rioters where surprisingly few but wellorganized! China's positive image in the world shouldbe damaged!
Dalai Lama is acting as the friendly and peacefulfather. This is an old trick that also dictators likeHitler and Stalin used. I am not comparing him withthem but he is acting like a demon when he tries totake back his power at any cost, not once caring forhuman lives and against Buddhistic non-violenceprinciples. It was a try to do a coup d'ètat thatfailed. Now he is asking for international help for tostop the violence that he, himself had planned!
When I visited Tibet in 2006, I was surprised bythe relaxed atmosphere and the few policemen in Lhasa.All that I have seen were Tibetans. Not theHan-Chinese. The atmosphere was remarkably peacefuland gave a picture of general well living. There wasno oppressed feeling like I had seen so many times inthe Soviet Union and its satellites before all thatnon-human system collapsed. People in Lhasa wherefriendly and wanted to speak to me, mostly withoutsuccess since I do not speak Chinese nor Tibetan butup and then somebody could speak some words inEnglish. Their wish for contact was just out of normalcuriosity towards the foreigners.
I had heard that the religious life should beenoppressed but it was flowering! I had also heard thatso many Han Chinese where moved in that the Tibetanswhere now very few in Lhasa. I did however see muchmore Tibetans there. May be that the Han Chinese wherehiding?
The western medias announced that China had cutall information and that articles about the riotscould not be sent out! I got mad about all theapparently incorrect information and wrote thisarticle and two other similar ones although I am not ajournalist but just because I could not stand all thebad things about China that was told. I sent them bye-mail without problems and they arrived well but twonewspapers did neither respond neither publish what Ihad written. The third answered and wanted a shorterversion that was published many days later as a normal"readers voice". What Dalai Lama had said was largelypublished every day together with a real anti-Chinapropaganda. What I had written was apparently tooChina friendly for the "free press".
"西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的不实报道。因此，尽管 我不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件，但其中两家既没有给我 回音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的'读者之声'刊发。与之相对照的是，它们每天都大量刊发达赖喇嘛的言 论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些'自由的媒体'来说显得对中国太过于友好了。"-艾瑞克•格兰奎斯特
当我看到电视里和中国日报上关于拉萨暴乱的新闻时感到非常吃惊。然而让我最吃惊的并不是暴徒们的野蛮行径，而是在我的祖国，芬兰，媒体是如何报道这个事件的。一位朋友将有关报道扫描后传给了我，我也从网络上查阅了所能找到的相关报道。（注：该作者现在中国）
很少有芬兰人到过西藏，但我和夫人在2006年去过。我们当时是私人旅行，并没有参加旅游团。我亲眼看到了拉萨，并且与当地人进行了交谈。这完全没有 任何限制。好吧，（如果说有，）我们有一个可爱而称职的导游，她对我们帮助很多，上午她将我们带到我们想去的地方，而在下午，我们就独自行动了。因此，我 觉得，（就西藏问题，）我需要说点什么。
我也对历史感兴趣，在这方面比一般人了解得多。写这篇文章时，我没有任何参考书，都是基于我的记忆。因此如果文章中哪里有点小差错，请原谅。不管怎 样，我想这使我的文章具有客观性。我非常清楚，我会因为这件事，因为撰写我认为是事实的东西而受到指责。我会被那些自以为了解真相，实际却并不了解的人指 责，被那些没有亲眼目睹事实的人指责。
几个世纪以来，西藏曾经是尼泊尔和中国之间的协约自治区。有时，中国也统治着尼泊尔。因此在那段时期，西藏统治者经常分别娶一位中国妃子和一位尼泊尔妃子，其他妃子就是西藏人了。
五世达赖喇嘛时期，宗教和政治权力集中到了达赖喇嘛一个人身上。西藏进入神权独裁时期，与世隔绝。外人不再允许入藏。
19世纪末，著名的瑞典旅行家斯文•赫定(Sven•Hedin)试图进入拉萨，却被达赖喇嘛礼貌地遣回，赶出西藏。
一位法国女藏学家亚历山德拉•大卫•妮尔(Alexandra David-Néel)则幸运得多。她讲一口流利藏语，装扮成藏族朝圣者的模样进入拉萨。她曾告诉别人，很多次她都非常害怕被发现。她知道，如果被发现， 她可能会像其他疑犯或反对者一样，从布达拉宫外墙上"意外跌落"。
那时的西藏不是天堂，而是非人道的、独裁的地方！
没落的中国清王朝对西藏的影响力越来越小。北方的俄罗斯帝国和南方的大英帝国对西藏越来越感兴趣。
1903年，一支由杨哈思班（Younghusband）上校率领的英国远征军抵达拉萨。英国人战死4名士兵，却屠杀了超过700名试图阻止他们的西 藏人。这些藏人当时的主要拦截手段仅仅是宗教魔法。英国人在拉萨建立了"商务代表处"。中国人将达赖喇嘛撤离到青海高原，在那里他的行动自由受到限制，也 许这是为了防止他与英国占领者进行接触。
1907年，芬兰民族英雄马歇尔•曼纳海姆（Marshal Mannerheim）在进行他著名的穿越中亚的马背之旅期间，拜访了达赖喇嘛。他当时是沙皇俄国军队的上校，他的旅行实际上是一次间谍行为。正因为如此，他才对13世达赖喇嘛产生兴趣。
达赖喇嘛的权力逐渐削弱。1950年，解放军和平进入西藏。看来14世达赖喇嘛在初期之所以接受这个现实，仅仅是想将其作为维持自己神权独裁统治的保障。1954年，他奢侈地扩大和重建了夏宫罗布林卡（Norbulingka Summer Palace）。
然而，中国政府已经决定要废除西藏残酷的神权独裁制度。在这种制度下，反对者们被从布达拉宫上扔下；边境对所有外来者关闭；仅有的学校都是宗教学校。 大家都知道，对统治者来说，统治一个低文化水平、对外界一无所知的民族会更容易。在当时，西藏5%的人拥有全部财富，其他人几乎一无所有；约40%的人是 僧侣，他们像寄生虫一样，需要其他人喂养。当时的西藏不是天堂！
中国政府决定，应该赋予西藏人民与其他国人一样的权力和相同的社会地位。寺院不应再供养过多的僧侣。
西藏以前只有一些羊肠小道与外界沟通，其他地方与外界隔绝。中国政府很快修建了用于交通的马路。西藏与世隔绝的状态被打破了。
1959年，由于权力地位不断削弱，年轻的达赖喇嘛利用宗教发动了叛乱。这次叛乱最终被制止。达赖喇嘛和一些追随者离开西藏，逃到印度。在那里，他继续挑起事端，妄图重返西藏，恢复中国已不再允许的神权独裁统治。
之后就是全中国都感到痛苦的十年文革时期，中国关上了国门。
现在，拉萨有了现代化的机场和铁路。中国政府对西藏投入巨大。西藏人民的生活水平提高很多。上个圣诞节，我在海南岛看到一些西藏人在庆祝太阳节。我非 常幸运地看到一些身着传统服饰的藏族老年妇女和她们的丈夫一起在沙滩上散步，藏族年轻人则穿得像其他年轻人一样，享受着沙滩生活。
达赖喇嘛重新掌权的可能性降低了，他的人民不再跟随他。中印两国正在发展合作，密切友谊，印度以后必然不会为承认达赖喇嘛而破坏中印关系的发展。达赖喇嘛再进行反对中国的活动，不大可能得逞了。
因此最近，当他看到有可能损害中国现有良好国际形象，煽动联合抵制北京奥运时，达赖喇嘛开始了全球游说活动。
拉萨暴乱是精心准备的。一些制革工人非法跨越边境，去见达赖，以接受他的指令。一群外国登山者在边境拍摄到了一次不幸的意外。一名越境者被射杀，另一名在越境后公开宣称想要去见达赖喇嘛。我是在（去年）11月份，来中国之前，在电视里看到了这个节目。
中国已经不是封闭的国家了。如果不是为了干非法勾当，没有必要非法越境。你只需要申请一本护照和必要的签证，就可以从边境站合法过境。或者采取更方便的方式，只需乘坐班机，从拉萨飞到加德满都就行了。
拉萨那里没有和平示威，只有野蛮打砸。一些年轻人周密策划，在多个地点，在同一时间开始暴乱，以便使警察和消防队无所防备，无法同时奔赴多个地点。他 们做到了！他们不分青红皂白，见东西就砸。所有能被打碎的东西在最短的时间里就被打烂。他们用汽油燃烧弹到处放火，焚烧停驶的汽车。18名普通市民和1名 警察被无情杀害。这名警察已接到命令，不许武力反击，避免引发国际指责！
当我看到电视上的暴乱画面时，我马上就明白了是怎么回事。暴乱的有组织性跟发生在法国的有组织暴乱一模一样。因为我在法国生活了21年，与法国保持密 切联系达40多年（，因此可以看得出来）。它们之间唯一的区别是，在拉萨并没有多少普通群众加入到暴乱中。暴徒们的数量少的惊人，却很有组织性。中国在世 界上的正面形象受到了损害。
达赖喇嘛一贯做出一副友善和温和的父亲形象。这是个陈旧伎俩，希特勒和斯大林这些独裁者都曾用过。我并不是要拿他与他们做比较，但他在不惜一切，力图 夺权时的所作所为就像一个恶魔。他从没有关心过人们的生活，没有考虑过这么做是否违背了佛教非暴力的原则。这是一次失败的政变。现在他却在呼吁国际社会， 帮助阻止由他，他本人，一手策划的暴乱！
2006年，当我访问西藏时，我吃惊于那里宽松的环境和拉萨街头寥寥无几的警察。我满眼看到的都是西藏人，而非汉人。环境非常安宁，人们生活幸福。那 里没有令人压抑的感觉。我没有感受到在苏联非人性的制度垮台前，曾在苏联和及其卫星国所多次感受到的那种压抑。拉萨人非常友好，他们想与我攀谈，多数情况 下由于我不懂汉语或藏语而无法沟通。但我不时可以遇到一些讲一点英语的藏人。我感到，他们希望与我攀谈的原因，只是出于对外国人正常的好奇心。
我之前听说，在拉萨宗教受到压制，但我却看到宗教繁荣发展；我之前听说，太多汉人进入西藏，现在拉萨已没有几个藏人，但我却看到在那里藏人比汉人多得多。难道那些汉人都藏起来了？
西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的不实报道。因此，尽管我 不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件，但其中两家既没有给我回 音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的'读者之声'刊发。与之相对照的是，它们每天都大量刊发达赖喇嘛的言 论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些'自由的媒体'来说显得对中国太过于友好了。（陈涛译）
后记：文章中提到的那份报纸最终将作者的文章在"读者之声"栏目予以登载。该文发表后，作者收到很多来信，对他横加指责、出言侮辱。而他笑说"这真是一个认清真正朋友的机会，因为真朋友不会质疑你的话的真实性，而对非真正的朋友或敌人来说，再多的解释也无济于事。"
当中国朋友表示担心他回国后安全时，他回答："不用担心！他们也只能说些坏话而以！西藏永远是中国的一部分，尽管这个事实在1950年前被很多人忽视 了。它以前是，现在仍然是中国的自治区。我很高兴有机会到了那里，修正了我的看法"。他表示，他现在唯一的愿望就是能让更多人，尤其是西方国家的人民了解 中国和西藏的真实情况。
附：作者原文
The Riots in Lhasa
by Eirik Granqvist, a foreign expert in Shanghaiwho visited Tibet in 2006
"The western medias announced that China had cutall information and that articles about the riotscould not be sent out! I got mad about all theapparently incorrect information and wrote thisarticle and two other similar ones although I am not ajournalist but just because I could not stand all thebad things about China that was told. I sent them bye-mail without problems and they arrived well but twonewspapers did neither respond neither publish what Ihad written. The third answered and wanted a shorterversion that was published many days later as a normal'readers voice'. What Dalai Lama had said was largelypublished every day together with a real anti-Chinapropaganda. What I had written was apparently tooChina friendly for the 'free press'."
I was very shocked by what I had seen in thetelevision and been reading in China daily about theriots in Lhasa. The most that shocked me was anyhowmay be not the cruel events by themselves but how themedias in my country of origin, Finland, reported theevents. A friend has scanned and sent me articles andI have checked also myself what can be found atInternet.
Very few Finnish people have ever visited Tibet,but I was there together with my wife in 2006. Thiswas private persons and not as a part of agroup-travel. I have seen Lhasa with my own eyes. Ihave been talking and chatting with people there. Thiswas without any restrictions. Okay, we had a lovelyand very competent guide that helped us much and tookus where we wanted to go in the mornings but in theafternoons we were alone. Therefore I think that Ihave something to tell.
I am also interested in history and know more thanpeople in general. When writing this, I do not haveany reference books so I write out of my memory. If Ido a small mistake somewhere, I beg your pardon.Anyhow, I think that this gives my writing anobjectivity. I am well aware of that I will be accusedfor this and that for writing what I think is thetruth. I will be accused by those who think that theyknow but do not know and by those that haven't seen bytheir own eyes.
Tibet was for centuries an autonomous concordatbetween Nepal and China. Sometimes China ruled Nepalas well. The king of Tibet used therefore to have oneChinese wife and one Nepalese and then a number ofTibetan ones.
With the fifth Dalai Lama, the religious and thepolitical power were unified under the rule of oneperson, The Dalai Lama. Tibet became a theocraticdictatorship and closed itself for the rest of theworld. No foreigners were anymore allowed in.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the famousSwedish traveller Sven Hedin made an attempt to reachLhasa but was sent politely back, out of Tibet byDalai Lama.
A French woman, Alexandra David-Néel was moresuccessful. She visited Lhasa dressed as a Tibetanpilgrim and she was fluent in the Tibetan language.She told how she was afraid many times that she shouldbe discovered and then she knew that she like othersuspects or opponents should "happen to fall down"from the walls of the Potala palace.
The weakened Chinese Qing Dynasty had more andmore lost its influence in Tibet. Tibet became moreand more interesting for the Russian empire in thenorth and the British in the south.
In 1903 a British army expedition directed by thecolonel Younghusband reached Lhasa. The British lost 4soldiers but slaughtered more the 700 Tibetans thattryed to stop them, mainly by magic. The Britishinstalled "a commercial representation" in Lhasa. TheChinese evacuated Dalai Lama to the Qinghai plateauwhere he hade limited rights of move, probably forpreventing him from having contacts with the Britishoccupants.
The Finnish national hero, Marshal Mannerheim,visited him there in 1907 during his famous horsebacktrip through central Asia. He was then a colonel inthe Tsar Russian army and his trip was in reality aspy trip. Therefore the 13th Dalai Lama wasinteresting.
The power of Dalai Lama was weakened. In 1950 thePLA marched in to Tibet without war. The 14th DalaiLama seems at the beginning to have accepted this justas a security for his power as the theocratic dictatorhe was. He enlarged and restructured the NorbulingkaSummer Palace in a luxury way in 1954.
The Chinese decided anyhow to finish with thecruel theocratic dictatorship under which theopponents fell down from Potala. The borders whereduring this dictatorship closed for all foreigners andthe only schools where the religious ones. It is wellknown that it is easier to rule a population with alow education and is ignoring the outside world. InTibet, about 5% of the population owned everything andthe rest literally nothing. About 40% of the Tibetanswere monks and nuns living as parasites on the rest ofthe population that had to feed them. Tibet was not aparadise!
Now China decided that the Tibetans should havethe same rights and place in the society as the restof the country's population. The monasteries should beemptied from their excessively large monk and nunpopulations.
Tibet could earlier be reached only by some horsetrails and was for the rest insulated. The Chinesebuilt rapidly a trafficable road. The insulation wasbroken.
In 1959, the young Dalai Lama caused a peoplesupraising, using the religion as power since he wasloosing his own powerful position. The upraising washowever stopped, may be in not a too clever and smoothmanner. Dalai Lama then left Tibet and his fellowcitizens and escaped to India wherefrom he hascontinued to fight for his come back and reinstall thetheocratic dictatorship that China will never allowagain.
Then followed the ten years of Cultural Revolutionthat was an unhappy time for all China that closeditself to the rest of the world.
Now Lhasa has a modern airport and a railway.China has invested a lot in Tibet. The standard ofliving has been raised a lot in Tibet and last Xmas Ihave seen Tibetans spending sun-holidays on HainanIsland! Very lucky looking old women in traditionaldresses walking on the beach with their husbands andthe youngsters dressed like other young peopleenjoying the beach life.
The possibilities for Dalai Lama to take back hispower has diminished and he does not anymore have thepopulation with him. China and India are developingtheir cooperation and with the closer friendship,India will for sure also not more admit Dalai Lama todisturb this development. His possibilities to actagainst China will be diminished.
Therefore he undertook recently an around theworld diplomatic travel since he has seen thepossibility of harming the now good internationalimage of China and provoking boycotts of the Olympicgames in Beijing.
The Lhasa riots where very well prepared. Currierswhere crossing the borders illegally for to see DalaiLama and get his orders. A group of foreign mountainclimbers filmed recently across the border an unluckyincident when one of these curriers got shot andanother that crossed the border openly declared thathe wanted to go to see the Dalai Lama. I have seenthat in television just before I left for China inNovember.
China is no longer a closed country. There is noneed for illegal border crossings if you are not doingsomething illegally! You just ask for a passport andtake the necessary visas and cross the border at alegal border crossing or better, just take a regularflight from Lhasa to Kathmandu!
There where no peaceful demonstrations in Lhasathat where brutally knocked down! Young men went toaction after a well prepared scenario at many placesat the same time so that police and fire brigadeshould be taken by surprise and unable to acteverywhere at the same time. This was successful!People where just knocked down without differences andall what could be broken was broken in the shortestpossible time. With Molotov cocktails, fires where litand fire cars where stopped. 18 normal citizens wherekilled without feelings and one police. The police hadorder to not respond with firearms for not beinginternationally blamed!
When I have seen the filmed riots in television,my diagnosis was immediately clear. The scenario wasthe same that I had seen many times of organized riotsin France since more the forty years of tight familiarcontacts and 21 years of living there. The differencewas only that less ordinary people seemed to take partin Lhasa. The rioters where surprisingly few but wellorganized! China's positive image in the world shouldbe damaged!
Dalai Lama is acting as the friendly and peacefulfather. This is an old trick that also dictators likeHitler and Stalin used. I am not comparing him withthem but he is acting like a demon when he tries totake back his power at any cost, not once caring forhuman lives and against Buddhistic non-violenceprinciples. It was a try to do a coup d'ètat thatfailed. Now he is asking for international help for tostop the violence that he, himself had planned!
When I visited Tibet in 2006, I was surprised bythe relaxed atmosphere and the few policemen in Lhasa.All that I have seen were Tibetans. Not theHan-Chinese. The atmosphere was remarkably peacefuland gave a picture of general well living. There wasno oppressed feeling like I had seen so many times inthe Soviet Union and its satellites before all thatnon-human system collapsed. People in Lhasa wherefriendly and wanted to speak to me, mostly withoutsuccess since I do not speak Chinese nor Tibetan butup and then somebody could speak some words inEnglish. Their wish for contact was just out of normalcuriosity towards the foreigners.
I had heard that the religious life should beenoppressed but it was flowering! I had also heard thatso many Han Chinese where moved in that the Tibetanswhere now very few in Lhasa. I did however see muchmore Tibetans there. May be that the Han Chinese wherehiding?
The western medias announced that China had cutall information and that articles about the riotscould not be sent out! I got mad about all theapparently incorrect information and wrote thisarticle and two other similar ones although I am not ajournalist but just because I could not stand all thebad things about China that was told. I sent them bye-mail without problems and they arrived well but twonewspapers did neither respond neither publish what Ihad written. The third answered and wanted a shorterversion that was published many days later as a normal"readers voice". What Dalai Lama had said was largelypublished every day together with a real anti-Chinapropaganda. What I had written was apparently tooChina friendly for the "free press".
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